544 lines
22 KiB
Plaintext
544 lines
22 KiB
Plaintext
'\"
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'\" Copyright (c) 1994 The Australian National University
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'\" Copyright (c) 1994-1997 Sun Microsystems, Inc.
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'\"
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'\" See the file "license.terms" for information on usage and redistribution
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'\" of this file, and for a DISCLAIMER OF ALL WARRANTIES.
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'\"
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'\" Author: Paul Mackerras (paulus@cs.anu.edu.au),
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'\" Department of Computer Science,
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'\" Australian National University.
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'\"
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.TH photo n 4.0 Tk "Tk Built-In Commands"
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.so man.macros
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.BS
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'\" Note: do not modify the .SH NAME line immediately below!
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.SH NAME
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photo \- Full-color images
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.SH SYNOPSIS
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.nf
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\fBimage create photo \fR?\fIname\fR? ?\fIoptions\fR?
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\fIimageName \fBblank\fR
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\fIimageName \fBcget \fIoption\fR
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\fIimageName \fBconfigure\fR ?\fIoption\fR? ?\fIvalue option value ...\fR?
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\fIimageName \fBcopy \fIsourceImage\fR ?\fIoption value(s) ...\fR?
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\fIimageName \fBdata\fR ?\fIoption value(s) ...\fR?
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\fIimageName \fBget \fIx y\fR
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\fIimageName \fBput \fIdata\fR ?\fIoption value(s) ...\fR?
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\fIimageName \fBread \fIfilename\fR ?\fIoption value(s) ...\fR?
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\fIimageName \fBredither\fR
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\fIimageName \fBtransparency \fIsubcommand \fR?\fIarg arg ...\fR?
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\fIimageName \fBwrite \fIfilename\fR ?\fIoption value(s) ...\fR?
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.fi
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.BE
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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.PP
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A photo is an image whose pixels can display any color or be
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transparent. A photo image is stored internally in full color (32
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bits per pixel), and is displayed using dithering if necessary. Image
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data for a photo image can be obtained from a file or a string, or it
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can be supplied from
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C code through a procedural interface. At present, only
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.VS 8.6
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PNG,
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.VE 8.6
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GIF and PPM/PGM
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formats are supported, but an interface exists to allow additional
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image file formats to be added easily. A photo image is transparent
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in regions where no image data has been supplied
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or where it has been set transparent by the \fBtransparency set\fR
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subcommand.
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.SH "CREATING PHOTOS"
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.PP
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Like all images, photos are created using the \fBimage create\fR
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command.
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Photos support the following \fIoptions\fR:
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.TP
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\fB\-data \fIstring\fR
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.
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Specifies the contents of the image as a string. The string should
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contain binary data or, for some formats, base64-encoded data (this is
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currently guaranteed to be supported for PNG and GIF images). The
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format of the
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string must be one of those for which there is an image file format
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handler that will accept string data. If both the \fB\-data\fR
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and \fB\-file\fR options are specified, the \fB\-file\fR option takes
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precedence.
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.TP
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\fB\-format \fIformat-name\fR
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.
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Specifies the name of the file format for the data specified with the
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\fB\-data\fR or \fB\-file\fR option.
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.TP
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\fB\-file \fIname\fR
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.
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\fIname\fR gives the name of a file that is to be read to supply data
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for the photo image. The file format must be one of those for which
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there is an image file format handler that can read data.
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.TP
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\fB\-gamma \fIvalue\fR
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.
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Specifies that the colors allocated for displaying this image in a
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window should be corrected for a non-linear display with the specified
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gamma exponent value. (The intensity produced by most
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CRT displays is a power function of the input value, to a good
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approximation; gamma is the exponent and is typically around 2).
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The value specified must be greater than zero. The default
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value is one (no correction). In general, values greater than one
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will make the image lighter, and values less than one will make it
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darker.
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.TP
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\fB\-height \fInumber\fR
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.
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Specifies the height of the image, in pixels. This option is useful
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primarily in situations where the user wishes to build up the contents
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of the image piece by piece. A value of zero (the default) allows the
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image to expand or shrink vertically to fit the data stored in it.
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.TP
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\fB\-palette \fIpalette-spec\fR
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.
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Specifies the resolution of the color cube to be allocated for
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displaying this image, and thus the number of colors used from the
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colormaps of the windows where it is displayed. The
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\fIpalette-spec\fR string may be either a single decimal number,
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specifying the number of shades of gray to use, or three decimal
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numbers separated by slashes (/), specifying the number of shades of
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red, green and blue to use, respectively. If the first form (a single
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number) is used, the image will be displayed in monochrome (i.e.,
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grayscale).
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.TP
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\fB\-width \fInumber\fR
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.
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Specifies the width of the image, in pixels. This option is useful
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primarily in situations where the user wishes to build up the contents
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of the image piece by piece. A value of zero (the default) allows the
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image to expand or shrink horizontally to fit the data stored in it.
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.SH "IMAGE COMMAND"
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.PP
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When a photo image is created, Tk also creates a new command
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whose name is the same as the image.
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This command may be used to invoke various operations
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on the image.
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It has the following general form:
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.CS
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\fIimageName option \fR?\fIarg arg ...\fR?
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.CE
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\fIOption\fR and the \fIarg\fRs
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determine the exact behavior of the command.
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.PP
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Those options that write data to the image generally expand the size
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of the image, if necessary, to accommodate the data written to the
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image, unless the user has specified non-zero values for the
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\fB\-width\fR and/or \fB\-height\fR configuration options, in which
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case the width and/or height, respectively, of the image will not be
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changed.
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.PP
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The following commands are possible for photo images:
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.TP
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\fIimageName \fBblank\fR
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.
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Blank the image; that is, set the entire image to have no data, so it
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will be displayed as transparent, and the background of whatever
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window it is displayed in will show through.
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.TP
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\fIimageName \fBcget\fR \fIoption\fR
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.
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Returns the current value of the configuration option given
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by \fIoption\fR.
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\fIOption\fR may have any of the values accepted by the
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\fBimage create\fR \fBphoto\fR command.
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.TP
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\fIimageName \fBconfigure\fR ?\fIoption\fR? ?\fIvalue option value ...\fR?
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.
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Query or modify the configuration options for the image.
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If no \fIoption\fR is specified, returns a list describing all of
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the available options for \fIimageName\fR (see \fBTk_ConfigureInfo\fR for
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information on the format of this list). If \fIoption\fR is specified
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with no \fIvalue\fR, then the command returns a list describing the
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one named option (this list will be identical to the corresponding
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sublist of the value returned if no \fIoption\fR is specified). If
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one or more \fIoption\-value\fR pairs are specified, then the command
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modifies the given option(s) to have the given value(s); in
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this case the command returns an empty string.
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\fIOption\fR may have any of the values accepted by the
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\fBimage create\fR \fBphoto\fR command.
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.TP
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\fIimageName \fBcopy\fR \fIsourceImage\fR ?\fIoption value(s) ...\fR?
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.
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Copies a region from the image called \fIsourceImage\fR (which must
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be a photo image) to the image called \fIimageName\fR, possibly with
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pixel zooming and/or subsampling. If no options are specified, this
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command copies the whole of \fIsourceImage\fR into \fIimageName\fR,
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starting at coordinates (0,0) in \fIimageName\fR. The following
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options may be specified:
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.RS
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.TP
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\fB\-from \fIx1 y1 x2 y2\fR
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.
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Specifies a rectangular sub-region of the source image to be copied.
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(\fIx1,y1\fR) and (\fIx2,y2\fR) specify diagonally opposite corners of
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the rectangle. If \fIx2\fR and \fIy2\fR are not specified, the
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default value is the bottom-right corner of the source image. The
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pixels copied will include the left and top edges of the specified
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rectangle but not the bottom or right edges. If the \fB\-from\fR
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option is not given, the default is the whole source image.
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.TP
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\fB\-to \fIx1 y1 x2 y2\fR
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.
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Specifies a rectangular sub-region of the destination image to be
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affected. (\fIx1,y1\fR) and (\fIx2,y2\fR) specify diagonally opposite
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corners of the rectangle. If \fIx2\fR and \fIy2\fR are not specified,
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the default value is (\fIx1,y1\fR) plus the size of the source
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region (after subsampling and zooming, if specified). If \fIx2\fR and
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\fIy2\fR are specified, the source region will be replicated if
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necessary to fill the destination region in a tiled fashion.
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.TP
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\fB\-shrink\fR
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.
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Specifies that the size of the destination image should be reduced, if
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necessary, so that the region being copied into is at the bottom-right
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corner of the image. This option will not affect the width or height
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of the image if the user has specified a non-zero value for the
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\fB\-width\fR or \fB\-height\fR configuration option, respectively.
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.TP
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\fB\-zoom \fIx y\fR
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.
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Specifies that the source region should be magnified by a factor of
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\fIx\fR in the X direction and \fIy\fR in the Y direction. If \fIy\fR
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is not given, the default value is the same as \fIx\fR. With this
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option, each pixel in the source image will be expanded into a block
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of \fIx\fR x \fIy\fR pixels in the destination image, all the same
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color. \fIx\fR and \fIy\fR must be greater than 0.
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.TP
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\fB\-subsample \fIx y\fR
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.
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Specifies that the source image should be reduced in size by using
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only every \fIx\fRth pixel in the X direction and \fIy\fRth pixel in
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the Y direction. Negative values will cause the image to be flipped
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about the Y or X axes, respectively. If \fIy\fR is not given, the
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default value is the same as \fIx\fR.
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.TP
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\fB\-compositingrule \fIrule\fR
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.
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Specifies how transparent pixels in the source image are combined with
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the destination image. When a compositing rule of \fIoverlay\fR is
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set, the old contents of the destination image are visible, as if the
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source image were printed on a piece of transparent film and placed
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over the top of the destination. When a compositing rule of \fIset\fR
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is set, the old contents of the destination image are discarded and
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the source image is used as-is. The default compositing rule is
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\fIoverlay\fR.
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.RE
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.TP
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\fIimageName \fBdata\fR ?\fIoption value(s) ...\fR?
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.
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Returns image data in the form of a string. The following options
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may be specified:
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.RS
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.TP
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\fB\-background\fI color\fR
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.
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If the color is specified, the data will not contain any transparency
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information. In all transparent pixels the color will be replaced by
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the specified color.
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.TP
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\fB\-format\fI format-name\fR
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.
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Specifies the name of the image file format handler to be used.
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Specifically, this subcommand searches
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for the first handler whose name matches an initial substring of
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\fIformat-name\fR and which has the capability to write a string
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containing this image data.
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If this option is not given, this subcommand uses a format that
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consists of a list (one element per row) of lists (one element per
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pixel/column) of colors in
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.QW \fB#\fIrrggbb\fR
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format (where \fIrr\fR is a pair of hexadecimal digits for the red
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channel, \fIgg\fR for green, and \fIbb\fR for blue).
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.TP
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\fB\-from \fIx1 y1 x2 y2\fR
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.
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Specifies a rectangular region of \fIimageName\fR to be returned.
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If only \fIx1\fR and \fIy1\fR are specified, the region
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extends from \fI(x1,y1)\fR to the bottom-right corner of
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\fIimageName\fR. If all four coordinates are given, they specify
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diagonally opposite corners of the rectangular region, including x1,y1
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and excluding x2,y2. The default, if this option is not given, is the
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whole image.
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.TP
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\fB\-grayscale\fR
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.
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If this options is specified, the data will not contain color
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information. All pixel data will be transformed into grayscale.
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.RE
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.TP
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\fIimageName \fBget\fR \fIx y\fR
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.
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Returns the color of the pixel at coordinates (\fIx\fR,\fIy\fR) in the
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image as a list of three integers between 0 and 255, representing the
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red, green and blue components respectively.
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.TP
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\fIimageName \fBput\fR \fIdata\fR ?\fIoption value(s) ...\fR?
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.
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Sets pixels in \fI imageName\fR to the data specified in \fIdata\fR.
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This command first searches the list of image file format handlers for
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a handler that can interpret the data in \fIdata\fR, and then reads
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the image encoded within into \fIimageName\fR (the destination image).
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If \fIdata\fR does not match any known format, an attempt to interpret
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it as a (top-to-bottom) list of scan-lines is made, with each
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scan-line being a (left-to-right) list of pixel colors (see
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\fBTk_GetColor\fR for a description of valid colors.) Every scan-line
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must be of the same length. Note that when \fIdata\fR is a single
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color name, you are instructing Tk to fill a rectangular region with
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that color. The following options may be specified:
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.RS
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.TP
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\fB\-format \fIformat-name\fR
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.
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Specifies the format of the image data in \fIdata\fR.
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Specifically, only image file format handlers whose names begin with
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\fIformat-name\fR will be used while searching for an image data
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format handler to read the data.
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.TP
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\fB\-to \fIx1 y1\fR ?\fIx2 y2\fR?
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.
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Specifies the coordinates of the top-left corner (\fIx1\fR,\fIy1\fR)
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of the region of \fIimageName\fR into which the image data will be
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copied. The default position is (0,0). If \fIx2\fR,\fIy2\fR is given
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and \fIdata\fR is not large enough to cover the rectangle specified by
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this option, the image data extracted will be tiled so it covers the
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entire destination rectangle. Note that if \fIdata\fR specifies a
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single color value, then a region extending to the bottom-right corner
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represented by (\fIx2\fR,\fIy2\fR) will be filled with that color.
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.RE
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.TP
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\fIimageName \fBread\fR \fIfilename\fR ?\fIoption value(s) ...\fR?
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.
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Reads image data from the file named \fIfilename\fR into the image.
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This command first searches the list of
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image file format handlers for a handler that can interpret the data
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in \fIfilename\fR, and then reads the image in \fIfilename\fR into
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\fIimageName\fR (the destination image). The following options may be
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specified:
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.RS
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.TP
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\fB\-format \fIformat-name\fR
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.
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Specifies the format of the image data in \fIfilename\fR.
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Specifically, only image file format handlers whose names begin with
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\fIformat-name\fR will be used while searching for an image data
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format handler to read the data.
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.TP
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\fB\-from \fIx1 y1 x2 y2\fR
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.
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Specifies a rectangular sub-region of the image file data to be copied
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to the destination image. If only \fIx1\fR and \fIy1\fR are
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specified, the region extends from (\fIx1,y1\fR) to the bottom-right
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corner of the image in the image file. If all four coordinates are
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specified, they specify diagonally opposite corners or the region.
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The default, if this option is not specified, is the whole of the
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image in the image file.
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.TP
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\fB\-shrink\fR
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.
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If this option, the size of \fIimageName\fR will be reduced, if
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necessary, so that the region into which the image file data are read
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is at the bottom-right corner of the \fIimageName\fR. This option
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will not affect the width or height of the image if the user has
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specified a non-zero value for the \fB\-width\fR or \fB\-height\fR
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configuration option, respectively.
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.TP
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\fB\-to \fIx y\fR
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.
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Specifies the coordinates of the top-left corner of the region of
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\fIimageName\fR into which data from \fIfilename\fR are to be read.
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The default is (0,0).
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.RE
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.TP
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\fIimageName \fBredither\fR
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.
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The dithering algorithm used in displaying photo images propagates
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quantization errors from one pixel to its neighbors.
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If the image data for \fIimageName\fR is supplied in pieces, the
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dithered image may not be exactly correct. Normally the difference is
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not noticeable, but if it is a problem, this command can be used to
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recalculate the dithered image in each window where the image is
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displayed.
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.TP
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\fIimageName \fBtransparency \fIsubcommand \fR?\fIarg arg ...\fR?
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.
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Allows examination and manipulation of the transparency information in
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the photo image. Several subcommands are available:
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.RS
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.TP
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\fIimageName \fBtransparency get \fIx y\fR
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.
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Returns a boolean indicating if the pixel at (\fIx\fR,\fIy\fR) is
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transparent.
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.TP
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\fIimageName \fBtransparency set \fIx y boolean\fR
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.
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Makes the pixel at (\fIx\fR,\fIy\fR) transparent if \fIboolean\fR is
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true, and makes that pixel opaque otherwise.
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.RE
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.TP
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\fIimageName \fBwrite \fIfilename\fR ?\fIoption value(s) ...\fR?
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.
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Writes image data from \fIimageName\fR to a file named \fIfilename\fR.
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The following options may be specified:
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.RS
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.TP
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\fB\-background\fI color\fR
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.
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If the color is specified, the data will not contain any transparency
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information. In all transparent pixels the color will be replaced by
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the specified color.
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.TP
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\fB\-format\fI format-name\fR
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.
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Specifies the name of the image file format handler to be used to
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write the data to the file. Specifically, this subcommand searches
|
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for the first handler whose name matches an initial substring of
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\fIformat-name\fR and which has the capability to write an image
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file. If this option is not given, the format is guessed from
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the file extension. If that cannot be determined, this subcommand
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uses the first handler that has the capability to write an image file.
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.TP
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\fB\-from \fIx1 y1 x2 y2\fR
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.
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Specifies a rectangular region of \fIimageName\fR to be written to the
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image file. If only \fIx1\fR and \fIy1\fR are specified, the region
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extends from \fI(x1,y1)\fR to the bottom-right corner of
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\fIimageName\fR. If all four coordinates are given, they specify
|
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diagonally opposite corners of the rectangular region. The default,
|
|
if this option is not given, is the whole image.
|
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.TP
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\fB\-grayscale\fR
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.
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|
If this options is specified, the data will not contain color
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information. All pixel data will be transformed into grayscale.
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.RE
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.SH "IMAGE FORMATS"
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.PP
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The photo image code is structured to allow handlers for additional
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image file formats to be added easily. The photo image code maintains
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a list of these handlers. Handlers are added to the list by
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registering them with a call to \fBTk_CreatePhotoImageFormat\fR. The
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standard Tk distribution comes with handlers for PPM/PGM, PNG and GIF
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formats, which are automatically registered on initialization.
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.PP
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When reading an image file or processing
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string data specified with the \fB\-data\fR configuration option, the
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photo image code invokes each handler in turn until one is
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found that claims to be able to read the data in the file or string.
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Usually this will find the correct handler, but if it does not, the
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user may give a format name with the \fB\-format\fR option to specify
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which handler to use. In fact the photo image code will try those
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handlers whose names begin with the string specified for the
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\fB\-format\fR option (the comparison is case-insensitive). For
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example, if the user specifies \fB\-format gif\fR, then a handler
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named GIF87 or GIF89 may be invoked, but a handler
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named JPEG may not (assuming that such handlers had been
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registered).
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.PP
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When writing image data to a file, the processing of the
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\fB\-format\fR option is slightly different: the string value given
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for the \fB\-format\fR option must begin with the complete name of the
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requested handler, and may contain additional information following
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that, which the handler can use, for example, to specify which variant
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to use of the formats supported by the handler.
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Note that not all image handlers may support writing transparency data
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to a file, even where the target image format does.
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.SS "FORMAT SUBOPTIONS"
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.PP
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.VS 8.6
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Some image formats support sub-options, which are specified at the time that
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the image is loaded using additional words in the \fB\-format\fR option. At
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the time of writing, the following are supported:
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.TP
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\fBgif \-index\fI indexValue\fR
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.
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When parsing a multi-part GIF image, Tk normally only accesses the first
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image. By giving the \fB\-index\fR sub-option, the \fIindexValue\fR'th value
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may be used instead. The \fIindexValue\fR must be an integer from 0 up to the
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number of image parts in the GIF data.
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.TP
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\fBpng \-alpha\fI alphaValue\fR
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.
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An additional alpha filtering for the overall image, which allows the
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background on which the image is displayed to show through. This usually also
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has the effect of desaturating the image. The \fIalphaValue\fR must be between
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0.0 and 1.0.
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.VE 8.6
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.SH "COLOR ALLOCATION"
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.PP
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When a photo image is displayed in a window, the photo image code
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allocates colors to use to display the image and dithers the image, if
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necessary, to display a reasonable approximation to the image using
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the colors that are available. The colors are allocated as a color
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cube, that is, the number of colors allocated is the product of the
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number of shades of red, green and blue.
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.PP
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Normally, the number of
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colors allocated is chosen based on the depth of the window. For
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example, in an 8-bit PseudoColor window, the photo image code will
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attempt to allocate seven shades of red, seven shades of green and
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four shades of blue, for a total of 198 colors. In a 1-bit StaticGray
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(monochrome) window, it will allocate two colors, black and white. In
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a 24-bit DirectColor or TrueColor window, it will allocate 256 shades
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each of red, green and blue. Fortunately, because of the way that
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pixel values can be combined in DirectColor and TrueColor windows,
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this only requires 256 colors to be allocated. If not all of the
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colors can be allocated, the photo image code reduces the number of
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shades of each primary color and tries again.
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.PP
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The user can exercise some control over the number of colors that a
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photo image uses with the \fB\-palette\fR configuration option. If
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this option is used, it specifies the maximum number of shades of
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each primary color to try to allocate. It can also be used to force
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the image to be displayed in shades of gray, even on a color display,
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by giving a single number rather than three numbers separated by
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slashes.
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.SH CREDITS
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.PP
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The photo image type was designed and implemented by Paul Mackerras,
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based on his earlier photo widget and some suggestions from
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John Ousterhout.
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.SH EXAMPLE
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.PP
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Load an image from a file and tile it to the size of a window, which
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is useful for producing a tiled background:
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.PP
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.CS
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# These lines should be called once
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\fBimage create photo\fR untiled \-file "theFile.ppm"
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\fBimage create photo\fR tiled
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# These lines should be called whenever .someWidget changes
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# size; a <Configure> binding is useful here
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set width [winfo width .someWidget]
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set height [winfo height .someWidget]
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tiled \fBcopy\fR untiled \-to 0 0 $width $height \-shrink
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.CE
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.PP
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.VS 8.6
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The PNG image loader allows the application of an additional alpha factor
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during loading, which is useful for generating images suitable for disabled
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buttons:
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.PP
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.CS
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\fBimage create photo\fR icon \-file "icon.png"
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\fBimage create photo\fR iconDisabled \-file "icon.png" \e
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\-format "png \-alpha 0.5"
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button .b \-image icon \-disabledimage iconDisabled
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.CE
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.VE 8.6
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.SH "SEE ALSO"
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image(n)
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.SH KEYWORDS
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photo, image, color
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'\" Local Variables:
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'\" mode: nroff
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'\" End:
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